Cullin–RING complexes comprise the largest known class of ubiquitin ligases. Owing to the
great diversity of their substrate-receptor subunits, it is possible that there are hundreds of …

Background The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to a substrate protein changes its fate.
Notably, proteins typically tagged with a lysine48-linked polyubiquitin chain become …

Like other enveloped viruses, HIV-1 uses cellular machinery to bud from infected cells. We
now show that Tsg101 protein, which functions in vacuolar protein sorting (Vps), is required …

Plant shoots elaborate their adult form by selective control over the growth of both their
primary shoot apical meristem and their axillary shoot meristems. We describe recessive …

F-box proteins constitute a large family in eukaryotes and are characterized by a conserved
F-box motif (approximately 40 amino acids). As components of the Skp1p-cullin-F-box …

Cullin‐based E3 ligases target substrates for ubiquitin‐dependent degradation by the 26S
proteasome. The SCF (Skp1–Cul1–F‐box) and ECS (ElonginC–Cul2–SOCS box) …

All eukaryotic cells contain multiple acidic organelles, and V-ATPases are central players in
organelle acidification. Not only is the structure of V-ATPases highly conserved among …

The SCF (Skp1–Cullin–F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase family was discovered through genetic
requirements for cell cycle progression in budding yeast. In these multisubunit enzymes, an …

Plant and animal viruses encode suppressor proteins of an adaptive immunity mechanism
[1] in which viral double-stranded RNA is processed into 21–25 nt short interfering (si) …

Phospholipid flippases in the type IV P-type ATPase family (P4-ATPases) are essential
components of the Golgi, plasma membrane and endosomal system that play critical roles in …