Abstract γδ T cells are a unique T cell subpopulation that are rare in secondary lymphoid
organs but enriched in many peripheral tissues, such as the skin, intestines and lungs. By …

Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

Germinal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are
thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their …

Developing general principles of host–microorganism interactions necessitates a robust
understanding of the eco-evolutionary processes that structure microbiota. Phylosymbiosis …

Ancient polyploidization events have had a lasting impact on vertebrate genome structure,
organization and function. Some key questions regarding the number of ancient …

The understanding of the functions of the immune system needs a fundament of solid
anatomical knowledge. The construction and arrangement of the different components of the …

The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

Autoinflammatory diseases are conditions in which pathogenic inflammation arises primarily
through antigen-independent hyperactivation of immune pathways. First recognized just …

For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore,
can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established …

Proteins encoded by the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes incite the
vertebrate adaptive immune response by presenting peptide antigens on the cell surface …