How consciousness appeared much earlier in evolutionary history than is commonly
assumed, and why all vertebrates and perhaps even some invertebrates are conscious …

Goal-directed learning is a key contributor to evolutionary fitness in animals. The neural
mechanisms that mediate learning often involve the neuromodulator dopamine. In higher …

Seasonal changes in reproductive-related vocal behavior are widespread among fishes.
This review highlights recent studies of the vocal plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys …

Species that depend on membership in social groups for survival exhibit changes in
neuronal gene expression and behaviour when they face restricted social interactions or …

The senses of hearing and balance are subject to modulation by efferent signaling,
including the release of dopamine (DA). How DA influences the activity of the auditory and …

The zebrafish, a widely used model in neurobiology, relies on hearing in aquatic
environments. Unfortunately, its auditory pathways have mainly been studied in larvae. In …

Understanding the contribution of neuropeptide-containing neurons to variation in social
behavior remains critically important. Galanin has gained increased attention because of the …

Across vertebrates, the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a critical role in social and
vocal behavior. Dopaminergic neurotransmission also modulates these behaviors, and …

Dopamine is integral to attentional and motivational processes, but studies are largely
restricted to the central nervous system. In mammals [1, 2] and fishes [3, 4], central …

This chapter discusses anatomical, physiological, and functional aspects of circuits
associated with four major neuromodulators: acetylcholine, serotonin, noradrenaline, and …