After 15 years of global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART), rising prevalence of HIV
drug resistance in many low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) poses a growing …

Background Mathematical transmission models are increasingly used to guide public health
interventions for infectious diseases, particularly in the context of emerging pathogens; …

Background. After the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection in Africa, increasing numbers of patients have pretreatment drug …

Background The number of patients using second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) has
increased over time. In Ethiopia, 1.5% of HIV infected patients on ART are using a second …

Background With ambitious new UNAIDS targets to end AIDS by 2030, and new WHO
treatment guidelines, there is increased interest in the best way to scale-up ART coverage …

The prevalence of pretreatment resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs) is> 10% in many low-income countries. As a consequence, several sub-Saharan …

Background In order to assess the level of transmitted and/or pre-treatment antiretroviral
drug resistance to HIV-1, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that regular …

The emergence and spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance from
antiretroviral roll-out programs remain a threat to long-term control of the HIV-AIDS epidemic …

Background With a growing access to free ART, switching of ART to second line regimen
has also become common following failure of first line ART regimens. Patients failing on first …

Background Poor adherence to either antiretroviral treatment (ART) or pre-exposure
prophylaxis (PrEP) can promote drug resistance, though this risk is thought to be …