Protein homeostasis of bacterial cells is maintained by coordinated processes of protein
production, folding, and degradation. Translational efficiency of a given mRNA depends on …

Bacteria must rapidly respond to both intracellular and environmental changes to survive.
One critical mechanism to rapidly detect and adapt to changes in environmental conditions …

Understanding the genetic design principles that determine protein production remains a
major challenge. Although the key principles of gene expression were discovered 50 years …

Highlights•Synonymous codon substitutions were long thought to be 'silent'mutations.•In
general, common codons are translated faster than rare synonyms.•Recent results show …

Different codon optimization algorithms are available that aim at improving protein
production by optimizing translation elongation. In these algorithms, it is generally not …

A strategy that combines signal peptide (SP) optimization and translation efficiency
improvement was used to enhance the extracellular production of raw starch-degrading α …

Degeneracy in the genetic code implies that different codons can encode the same amino
acid. Usage preference of synonymous codons has been observed in all domains of life …

In prokaryotes, translation initiation typically depends on complementary binding between a
G-rich Shine–Dalgarno (SD) motif in the 5′ untranslated region of mRNAs, and the 3′ tail …

Abstract The Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence motif facilitates translation initiation and is
frequently found upstream of bacterial start codons. However, thousands of instances of this …

Efficient and accurate protein synthesis is crucial for organismal survival in competitive
environments. Translation efficiency (the number of proteins translated from a single mRNA …