The immune system is guided by a series of checks and balances, a major component of
which is a large array of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that modulate the host …

Thymically derived Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (tTregs) constitute a unique T cell lineage that
is essential for maintaining immune tolerance to self and immune homeostasis. However …

Background & Aims Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in the treatment of some
hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but these tumors do not always respond to inhibitors of …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is essential for immunological (self-) tolerance,
but due to the early fatality of CTLA-4 KO mice, its specific function in central and peripheral …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of T cell
responses. Germline Ctla4 deficiency is lethal, making investigation of the function of CTLA …

The thymus prevents autoimmune diseases through mechanisms that operate in the cortex
and medulla, comprising positive and negative selection and the generation of regulatory T …

T and B cell repertoires are collections of lymphocytes, each characterized by its antigen-
specific receptor. We review here classical technologies and analysis strategies developed …

Highlights•Current cancer therapy targets both the tumor and the immune system.•Tumor
microenvironment (TME) regulates the anti-tumor immune responses.•Tumor-infiltrating …

Co-stimulation regulates T cell activation, but it remains unclear whether co-stimulatory
pathways also control T cell differentiation. We used mass cytometry to profile T cells …

Abstract Cytotoxic T-Lymphocye Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) or CD152 is an inhibitory molecule that
plays a critical role in maintenance of tolerance to self-antigens. CTLA-4 is structurally as …