From small molecules to entire organisms, evolution has refined biological structures at the
nanoscale, microscale and macroscale to be chiral—that is, mirror dissymmetric. Chirality …

Genetic code reprogramming has enabled us to ribosomally incorporate various
nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) into peptides in vitro. The repertoire of usable npAAs …

The ribosome is a macromolecular machine that catalyzes the sequence-defined
polymerization of L-α-amino acids into polypeptides. The catalysis of peptide bond formation …

Conspectus Protein biosynthesis is a central process in all living cells that is catalyzed by a
complex molecular machine─ the ribosome. This process is termed translation because the …

Ribosome-targeting antibiotics serve as powerful antimicrobials and as tools for studying the
ribosome, the catalytic peptidyl transferase center (PTC) of which is targeted by many drugs …

Engineering the process of molecular translation, or protein biosynthesis, has emerged as a
major opportunity in synthetic and chemical biology to generate novel biological insights …

The major revolution in modern astronomy recognizing the universe as teeming with
exoplanets, the discovery of liquid water in solar moons, and the continuing focus on Mars …

Transfer RNAs have been extensively explored as the molecules that translate the genetic
code into proteins. At this interface of genetics and biochemistry, tRNAs direct the efficiency …

Synthetic biology holds promise to revolutionize the life sciences and biomedicine via
expansion of macromolecular diversity outside the natural chemical space. Use of non …

Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …