The term embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) was introduced in 2014 to describe
patients with a nonlacunar ischemic stroke and no convincing etiology. The terms ESUS and …

One-quarter to one-third of ischemic strokes have no established mechanism after standard
diagnostic evaluation and are classified as embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) …

Introduction Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity globally. Atrial
fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. It is set to reach epidemic …

Ischaemic strokes have traditionally been classified according to the TOAST criteria, in
which strokes with unclear aetiology are classified as cryptogenic strokes. However, the …

Background and Purpose—Emboli in embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) may
originate from various potential embolic sources (PES), some of which may respond better to …

The term 'embolic stroke of undetermined source'(ESUS) is used to describe patients with a
non-lacunar ischaemic stroke without any identified embolic source from the heart or the …

Nearly 30% of ischemic strokes have an unknown cause, which are referred to as
cryptogenic strokes (CS). Imaging studies suggest that a large proportion of these patients …

Background and aims Only a minority of patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined
Source (ESUS) receive prolonged cardiac monitoring despite current recommendations …

Atrial cardiomyopathy refers to structural and electrical remodelling of the atria, which can
lead to impaired mechanical function. While historical studies have implicated atrial …

Background Undocumented atrial fibrillation (AF) is suspected as a main stroke cause in
patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS), but its prevalence is largely …