The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in
conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement …

The basal ganglia are subcortical nuclei controlling voluntary actions and have been
implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The prevailing model of basal ganglia function …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Dopaminergic medications used in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease are
associated with motor and non-motor behavioural side-effects, such as dyskinesias and …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of 3 different targets is the most important therapeutic
innovation of the past 30 years for patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease (PD) …

Background: Several behaviors, besides psychoactive substance ingestion, produce short-
term reward that may engender persistent behavior, despite knowledge of adverse …

Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a
fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease. Studies in animals and humans …

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become a powerful tool in neuroscience research due to their
genetic tractability, molecular/physiological conservation, small body size, ease of …

Cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease is gaining increased clinical
significance owing to the relative success of therapeutic approaches to the motor symptoms …

A dopaminergic deficiency in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) causes abnormalities of
movement, behaviour, learning, and emotions. The main motor features (ie, tremor, rigidity …