The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and-2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and-3, respectively),
are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of …

Multicellular organisms are composed of diverse cell types that must coordinate their
behaviors through communication. Cell–cell communication (CCC) is essential for growth …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, with a global
prevalence estimated at approximately 25%. NAFLD is also the leading cause of liver …

Estrogen is an essential sex steroid hormone that functions primarily in female reproductive
system, as well as in a variety of tissues and organs with pleiotropic effects, such as in …

Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is
associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which …

Type 2 diabetes continues to negatively impact the health of millions. The inability to
respond to insulin to clear blood glucose (insulin resistance) is a key pathogenic driver of …

In the last few decades, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, known as sarcopenia,
has significantly increased in prevalence, becoming a major global public health concern …

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-
alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common liver disorder worldwide, with an …

Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an imbalance between the local microbiota
and host immune response. Epidemiologically, periodontitis is closely related to the …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with increasing morbidity.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a major negative regulator of the insulin …