The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic disease coupled with kidney dysfunction is
increasing worldwide. This triad of disorders is associated with considerable morbidity and …

Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the
enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid …

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate acts as an extracellular signalling molecule (purinergic
signalling), as well as an intracellular energy source. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate receptors …

Neurotransmitters, including catecholamines and serotonin, play a crucial role in
maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Studies on these neurotransmitters mainly …

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the leading cause of nephrology consultation and is associated
with high mortality rates. The primary causes of AKI include ischemia, hypoxia or …

Intrarenal autoregulatory mechanisms maintain renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular
filtration rate (GFR) independent of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) over a defined range (80 …

Acupuncture is an invasive procedure commonly used to relieve pain. Acupuncture is
practiced worldwide, despite difficulties in reconciling its principles with evidence-based …

Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the
world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a …

An essential step in renal function entails the formation of an ultrafiltrate that is delivered to
the renal tubules for subsequent processing. This process, known as glomerular filtration, is …