BACKGROUND Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropics have a profound influence on
the climate system. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is spawned in the tropical …

Naturally occurring tropical Pacific variations at timescales of 7–70 years—tropical Pacific
decadal variability (TPDV)—describe basin-scale sea surface temperature (SST), sea-level …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Climate projections suggest a weakening or collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Circulation (AMOC) under global warming, with evidence that a slowdown is already …

Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for
preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon …

ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these
anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on …

Abstract The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant climate phenomenon
affecting extreme weather conditions worldwide. Its response to greenhouse warming has …

There are large uncertainties looming over the status and fate of the South Asian summer
monsoon, with several studies debating whether the monsoon is weakening or …

Despite ongoing increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases, the Earth's global average
surface air temperature has remained more or less steady since 2001. A variety of …

A new index is developed for the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, termed the IPO Tripole
Index (TPI). The IPO is associated with a distinct 'tripole'pattern of sea surface temperature …