The global impacts of climate change are evident in every marine ecosystem. On coral reefs,
mass coral bleaching and mortality have emerged as ubiquitous responses to ocean …

The dual character of corals, that they are both auto‐and heterotrophs, was recognized early
in the twentieth Century. It is generally accepted that the symbiotic association between …

Ocean warming increases the incidence of coral bleaching, which reduces or eliminates the
nutrition corals receive from their algal symbionts, often resulting in widespread mortality. In …

For over three decades, scientists have conducted heat-stress experiments to predict how
coral will respond to ocean warming due to global climate change. However, there are often …

In this review we discuss the present knowledge on the biological and environmental control
of biomineralization (calcification) in hermatypic corals. We describe first the anatomy of the …

The attenuation of light with increasing depth, along with reduced exposure to wave stress,
plays an important role in vertically structuring coral reef communities. Benthic …

Coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems on our planet.
Scleractinian corals function as the primary reef ecosystem engineers, constructing the …

With reduced zooxanthellae, chlorophyll a (Chl a), or both, concentrations, bleached corals
rely on some combination of energy reserves (ie, lipid, carbohydrate, protein) and …

Summary 1 Coral bleaching events, predicted to increase in frequency and severity as a
result of climate change, are a threat to tropical coral‐reef ecosystems worldwide. Although …

Most studies on coral reefs have focused on shallow reef (< 30 m) systems due to the
technical limitations of conducting scientific diving deeper than 30 m. Compared to their …