As sessile species and without the possibility of escape, plants constantly face numerous
environmental stresses. To adapt in the external environmental cues, plants adjust …

Abiotic stresses in soil occur due to high salinity, temperature, drought, heavy metals, and
nutrients inhibit the functions of plants and cause a reduction in crop productivity. The …

Environmental stresses can compromise the interactions of plants with beneficial microbes.
In the present review, experimental results showing that stresses negatively affect the …

The utilization of symbiosis with beneficial microorganisms provides a strategy to alleviate
salt stress that reduces existing gaps in crops production. The root endophytic fungus …

Canonical plant stress biology research has focused mainly on the dynamic regulation of
internal genetic pathways in stress responses. Increasingly more studies suggest that plant …

Cytokinins promote plant growth and development under normal plant growth conditions
and also play an important role in plant resistance to stress. Understanding the working …

Plants face a continuous threat of abiotic stresses under the changing environment.
Because of climate change, water scarcity has been shown to be a significant environmental …

Phytohormones play vital roles in the growth and development of plants as well as in
interactions of plants with microbes such as endophytic fungi. The endophytic root …

The plant faces different pedological and climatic challenges that influence its growth and
enhancement. While, plant-microbes interactions throught the rhizosphere offer several …

In natural systems, plant–symbiont–pathogen interactions play important roles in mitigating
abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Symbionts have their own special recognition ways, but …