The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Rapid adaptive radiation poses two distinct questions apart from speciation and adaptation:
What happens after one speciation event and how do some lineages continue speciating …

Biological coloration presents a canvas for the study of ecological and evolutionary
processes. Enduring interest in colour‐based phenotypes has driven, and been driven by …

To understand the function of colour signals in nature, we require robust quantitative
analytical frameworks to enable us to estimate how animal and plant colour patterns appear …

Many animals have the potential to discriminate nonspectral colors. For humans, purple is
the clearest example of a nonspectral color. It is perceived when two color cone types in the …

Highlights•Bird colour vision depends on opsins, retinal mosaic, ocular media and oil
droplets.•Birds use spectral cues for phototaxis, magnetoreception and circadian …

Munsell soil-colour charts are widely used for soil classification. These charts contain 238
standardised colours in small rectangular chips arranged in seven charts and encoded in …

More than 100 years ago, the biologist Jakob von Uexküll suggested that, because sensory
systems are diverse, animals likely inhabit different sensory worlds (umwelten) than we do …

How are colour categories related to perception and language? To answer this question, we
review research on the neural correlates of colour categories, and categorical responses in …

Names for colors vary widely across languages, but color categories are remarkably
consistent. Shared mechanisms of color perception help explain consistent partitions of …