Opioids are generally used as analgesics in pain treatment. Like many drugs, they have side
effects when overdosed and can cause addiction problems. Illegal drug use and misuse are …

A potential cause of suffering in animal experimentation is pain induced by procedures,
diseases, and injuries. Pain is not only nociception, the sensory nervous system's response …

Increasing evidence suggests that the cerebellum could play a role in the higher cognitive
processes involved in addiction as the cerebellum contains anatomical and functional …

The percentage of dogs that received rescue analgesia with buprenorphine based on an
assigned Colorado State University–Canine Acute Pain Scale (CSU-CAPS) score≥ 2 at …

The objectives of this study were to determine:(1) the sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in
combination with methadone, midazolam, or both, and (2) the propofol dose required to …

Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the sedative effect of butorphanol–
dexmedetomidine with buprenorphine–dexmedetomidine following intramuscular (IM) …

Intramuscular (IM) administration of either alfaxalone or butorphanol with midazolam was
evaluated for sedation and effects on heart and respiratory rates in budgerigars …

The aim of this study was to measure the temporal effects of intramuscular methadone
administration on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in hens, and to …

Objective To evaluate the effects of nalbuphine, butorphanol and morphine combined with
acepromazine on intraoperative and early postoperative pain management in dogs …

Objectives. The aim of the study is to compare the sedative, cardiorespiratory,
echocardiographic, and blood gas effects of dexmedetomidine and methadone associated …