Background Thyroid dysfunction has been observed in patients with COVID-19, and
endocrinologists are requested to understand this clinical issue. Pandemic-related …

Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Over the past few years, growing evidence suggests direct crosstalk between thyroid
hormones (THs) and the immune system. Components of the immune system were …

The interplay between thyroid hormone action and the immune system has been
established in physiological and pathological settings. However, their connection is complex …

Accumulating evidence suggests a close bidirectional communication and regulation
between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Thyroid hormones (THs) can exert …

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic
syndrome, being a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and with important links to …

Tumor microenvironment is fundamental for cancer progression and chemoresistance.
Among stromal cells tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the largest …

Background Increasing evidence has linked the thyroid dysfunction to the pathogenesis of
dementia. Evidence from clinical studies has demonstrated that hypothyroidism is related to …

Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system that play myriad roles in the body.
Macrophages are known to reside in endocrine glands, and a body of evidence now …

COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 200 countries and 1.3 million individuals have
deceased within eleven months. Intense research on COVID-19 occurrence and prevalence …