For decades, numerous seminal studies have built our understanding of the locus coeruleus
(LC), the vertebrate brain's principal noradrenergic system. Containing a numerically small …

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS. It is well established that activation
of GABAA receptors favors sleep. Three generations of hypnotics are based on these …

The locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, gives rise to fibres
innervating most structures of the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have helped …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that neurons within the pontomesencephalic tegmentum
are critically involved in the generation of paradoxical sleep (PS). From single-unit recording …

Sleep is a crucial biological process that is regulated through complex interactions between
multiple brain regions and neuromodulators. As sleep disorders can have deleterious …

It is well known that noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons decrease their activity
during slow wave sleep (SWS) and are virtually quiescent during paradoxical sleep (PS). It …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is activated by noxious stimuli, and this activation leads to
inhibition of perceived pain. As two physiological reflexes, the acoustic startle reflex and the …

Ever since the discovery of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), studies have been
undertaken to understand its necessity, function and mechanism of action on normal …

The two major stages of mammalian sleep—rapid eye movement sleep (REMs) and non-
REM sleep (NREMs)—are characterized by distinct brain rhythms ranging from millisecond …

The cerebral cortex generates flexible behavior by learning. Reinforcement learning is
thought to be driven by error signals in midbrain dopamine neurons. However, they project …