Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralizing organisms have played major roles in the
history of life and the global carbon cycle during the past 541 Ma. Both marine diversification …

Most molluscs possess shells, constructed from a vast array of microstructures and
architectures. The fully formed shell is composed of calcite or aragonite. These CaCO3 …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

The regeneration of tooth enamel, the hardest biological tissue, remains a considerable
challenge because its complicated and well-aligned apatite structure has not been …

This study conducts the first systematic literature review of climate change adaptation in
aquaculture. We address three specific questions:(i) What is aquaculture adapting to?(ii) …

An external skeleton is an essential part of the body plan of many animals and is thought to
be one of the key factors that enabled the great expansion in animal diversity and disparity …

Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, the iridescent inner layer of many mollusk shells, is a biomineral
lamellar composite of aragonite (CaCO3) and organic sheets. Biomineralization frequently …

It has long been recognized that a suite of proteins exists in coral skeletons that is critical for
the oriented precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals, yet these proteins remain poorly …

Introduction Bivalve molluscs have flourished in marine environments, and many species
constitute important aquatic resources. Recently, whole genome sequences from two …

In corals, biocalcification is a major function that may be drastically affected by ocean
acidification (OA). Scleractinian corals grow by building up aragonitic exoskeletons that …