Highlights•Urban ecosystems are expanding worldwide with major effects on
biodiversity.•All species are embedded in various antagonistic and mutualistic interactions.• …

Global insect pollinator declines have prompted habitat restoration efforts, including
pollinator‐friendly gardening. Gardens can provide nectar and pollen for adult insects and …

Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between
nature and human society. Characteristics of human society—including culture, economics …

Urban green spaces such as gardens often consist of native and exotic plant species, which
provide pollen and nectar for flower-visiting insects. Although some exotic plants are readily …

Trap nests are artificially made nesting resources for solitary cavity‐nesting bees and wasps
and allow easy quantification of multiple trophic interactions between bees, wasps, their …

The modification of habitats in urban areas is thought to alter patterns of species
interactions, by filtering specialist species and those at higher trophic levels. However …

Pollinators are sensitive to agricultural intensification at both local and landscape scales.
High configurational landscape heterogeneity due to small fields and a high amount of field …

Urbanization can alter the composition of arthropod communities. However, little is known
about how urbanization affects ecological interactions. Using experimental colonies of the …

Urbanisation is fast-growing worldwide characterised by the conversion of natural
vegetation ecosystems into densely paved areas with a high concentration of human …

Pollinator declines have motivated efforts to plant nectar and host plants for butterflies and
other pollinators, but whether gardens promote pollinator conservation requires further …