Long-Term Survival after Kidney Transplantation This review discusses demographics,
survival, and risks in kidney transplantation since the mid-1990s. It addresses postoperative …

Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

The protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of
immune responses, and its loss causes fatal autoimmunity in mice. We studied a large family …

HLA-G is a molecule that was first known to confer protection to the fetus from destruction by
the immune system of its mother, thus critically contributing to fetal–maternal tolerance. The …

Immunosuppressive drugs used in the transplantation period are generally defined as
induction and maintenance therapy. The use of immunosuppressants, which are particularly …

The success of kidney transplants is limited by the lack of robust improvements in long-term
survival. It is now recognized that alloimmune responses are responsible for the majority of …

The use of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus led to major advances in
the field of transplantation, with excellent short-term outcome. However, the chronic …

Belatacept, a costimulation blocker, may preserve renal function and improve long‐term
outcomes versus calcineurin inhibitors in kidney transplantation. This Phase III study …

Rejection of the Kidney Allograft | New England Journal of Medicine Skip to main content The
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Background The immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with T-cell
autoimmunity. To be fully active, immune T cells need a co-stimulatory signal in addition to …