The measurement of metabolic rates is central to important questions in many areas of
physiological research. Unfortunately these measurements are anything but straightforward …

Hummingbirds have two main foraging strategies: territoriality (defending a patch of flowers)
and traplining (foraging over routine circuits of isolated patches). Species are often classified …

The efficiency with which flying animals convert metabolic power to mechanical power
dictates an individual's flight behaviour and energy requirements. Despite the significance of …

A key component of individual fitness is the ability to manage energy stores in response to
variable resource availability, but because directly measuring energy budgets is difficult …

Hummingbirds are well known for their hovering flight, one of the most energetically
expensive modes of locomotion among animals. Molt is a costly event in the annual cycle, in …

Within‐clade allometric relationships represent standard laws of scaling between energy
and size, and their outliers provide new avenues for physiological and ecological research …

Differences among hummingbird species in bill length and shape have rightly been viewed
as adaptive in relation to the morphology of the flowers they visit for nectar. In this study we …

From minute-to-minute changes, or across daily, seasonal, or geological timescales,
animals are forced to navigate dynamic surroundings. Their abiotic environment is …

Although more massive flight muscles along with larger wings, higher wingbeat frequencies
and greater stroke amplitudes enhance force and power production in flapping flight, the …

Hummingbirds are well known for their hovering flight, one of the most energetically
expensive modes of locomotion among animals. Molt is a costly event in the annual cycle, in …