Background: Studies investigating the impact of a variety of inflammatory stimuli on the brain
and behavior have reported evidence that inflammation and release of inflammatory …

Sex/gender effects have been demonstrated for multiple aspects of addiction, with one of the
most commonly cited examples being the “telescoping effect” where women meet criteria …

Schizophrenia remains a major burden on patients and society. The dopamine hypothesis
attempts to explain the pathogenic mechanisms of the disorder, and the …

Motivational and motor deficits are common in patients with depression and other psychiatric
disorders, and are related to symptoms of anhedonia and motor retardation. These deficits in …

Stress is a well‐known risk factor in the development of addiction and in addiction relapse
vulnerability. A series of population‐based and epidemiological studies have identified …

This paper reviews recent developments in the neurocircuitry and neurobiology of addiction
from a perspective of allostasis. A model is proposed for brain changes that occur during the …

Stress and emotional brain networks foster eating behaviors that can lead to obesity. The
neural networks underlying the complex interactions among stressors, body, brain and food …

Anatomical and functional refinements of the meso-limbic dopamine system of the rat are
discussed. Present experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the …

Neurophysiologic processes underlie the uncontrolled, compulsive behaviors defining the
addicted state. These “hard-wired” changes in the brain are considered critical for the …

The mesolimbic dopaminergic (ML-DA) system has been recognized for its central role in
motivated behaviors, various types of reward, and, more recently, in cognitive processes …