Quaternary ammonium compounds are antimicrobial chemicals that provide significant
public health benefits by controlling bacteria and viruses that cause infections such as colds …

Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they
investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic …

Beagle dogs are a key nonrodent species in nonclinical safety evaluation of new biomedical
products. The Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) has published “best practices” …

The endocrine glands are an important group of organs that are susceptible to chemical-
induced changes that occur in short-term and long-term preclinical toxicology studies. It is …

The kidney performs many sophisticated physiological processes and is largely responsible
for maintaining the normal physiological balance of an individual. The kidney is a very …

The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions) Project (www. toxpath. org/inhand. asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of …

Existing nervous system sampling and processing “best practices” for nonclinical general
toxicity studies (GTS) were designed to assess test articles with unknown, no known, or well …

Nonclinical studies of test articles (TAs) in nonhuman primates are often designed to assess
both biodistribution and toxicity. For this purpose, studies commonly use intravenous …

The skeleton is an active and dynamic tissue that interacts with other complex systems such
as the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. During the development of a new …

Direct delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) greatly expands
opportunities to treat neurological diseases but is technically challenging. This opinion …