Spasmodic dysphonia (SD), also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a neurological voice
disorder that causes involuntary spasms of the vocal cord muscles. This impacts speech to …

Objective The effect of botulinum toxin among patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia
(AdSD) is temporary. To optimize long-term treatment outcome, other therapy options should …

Objectives/Hypothesis Although no clear guidelines exist, protocols in the treatment of
spasmodic dysphonia (SD) vary among physicians. Previously published work comes from …

Fifty articles published between 2014 and 2015 were selected for this review. The sources
were drawn from several clinical specialties: 54% come under the scope of laryngology …

Objectives/Hypothesis Although onabotulinum neurotoxin A (BoNTA) has been used for
over three decades for the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia, no study has been …

Objective This study aimed to compare the long-term efficacy, durability, and dose and
interval stability between alternating unilateral and bilateral injections of botulinum …

Background Botulinum toxin A (BT) is the gold standard treatment for adductor spasmodic
dysphonia (AdSD) with established use for greater than thirty years. The spasmodic …

Objectives The study aims to (1) identify the botulinum toxin (BTX) dosing trend in a cohort of
patients who received at least 20 injections for the treatment of adductor spasmodic …

Objective To report the results of functional outcome, dose trend and relationship between
onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) dosage and the severity of disease or time between therapy …

Background Despite use of qualitative laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) guided
botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) injection for treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia …