The concept of energy democracy has seen a moderate rise in scholarship over the last
decade. This article is the first to examine the concept of energy democracy from a critical …

In the global effort to reduce Green House Gases and carbon emissions, there is great
importance for the shipping industry to decarbonise and move forward into a greener future …

This paper aims to conduct an updated literature survey on the Market-Based Measures
(MBMs) currently being proposed by various member states and organizations at the …

The introduction of several alternative marine fuels is considered an important strategy for
maritime decarbonization. These alternative marine fuels include liquefied natural gas …

In recent decades, there has been an increasing demand for policy research focusing on
market-based measures for decarbonizing shipping. It is increasingly recognized that more …

The carbon emission of shipping industry accounts for about 3% of the global total. With the
continuous growth of international trade, the decarbonization and carbon neutralization of …

Neither international treaties nor domestic policies control carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
from international shipping. To enhance mitigation, a new multilateral mechanism could …

The European maritime shipping sector has a crucial role in reducing CO 2 emissions in
order to meet the 1.5° C target set in the Paris Agreement. This study uses state-of-the-art …

Regime complexes entail a variety of institutions with a degree of overlap in terms of
thematic issues and participating actors. The EU is such an actor engaging with other …

As part of the EU Green Deal initiative in 2019, the EU Commission decided to develop a
proposal to include emissions from shipping in the EU emissions trading system. This …