Abstract IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Targeting the effector cytokines IL-17 and …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are members of a family of immunoglobulin-related receptors that are
responsible for various aspects of T-cell immune regulation. The family includes CD28 …

Circadian rhythms are a ubiquitous feature of virtually all living organisms, regulating a wide
diversity of physiological systems. It has long been established that the circadian clockwork …

Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was initially classified as a
hematopoietic growth factor. However, unlike its close relatives macrophage CSF (M-CSF) …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) leading to the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding axons. It can …

Th17 cells drive autoimmune disease but also control commensal microbes. A common link
among antigens from self-proteins or commensal microbiota is relatively low activation of T …

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling without CD28 can elicit primary effector T cells, but memory T
cells generated during this process are anergic, failing to respond to secondary antigen …

Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are required for immune homeostasis. Chromatin remodeling
is essential for establishing diverse cellular identities, but how the epigenetic program in …

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (TF) Bhlhe40 is emerging as a key regulator of
immunity during infection, autoimmunity, and inflammatory conditions. We describe the roles …