Water, a necessary component of cell protoplasm, plays an essential role in supporting life
on Earth; nevertheless, extreme changes in climatic conditions limit water availability …

Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world.
The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and …

The expansion of gene families during evolution could generate functional diversity among
their members to regulate plant growth and development. Melatonin, a phylogenetically …

Background Drought is a major abiotic stress factor that influences the yield of crops. Basic
leucine zipper motif (bZIP) transcription factors play an important regulatory role in plant …

Background Transcription factors of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family represent
exclusively in eukaryotes and have been shown to regulate diverse biological processes in …

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins compose a family of transcription factors (TFs),
which play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress …

Rice crops are often subject to multiple abiotic stresses simultaneously in both natural and
cultivated environments, resulting in yield reductions beyond those expected from single …

Salt stress is an unfavorable outcome of global climate change, adversely affecting crop
growth and yield. It is the second-biggest abiotic factor damaging the morphological, physio …

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are the most
representative perfluoroalkyl substances that accumulate in the food chain and are harmful …

Brassinosteroids (BR) are steroid phytohormones that are involved in the growth and stress
response in plants, but the precise mechanisms of their action are still being discovered. In …