Extracellular vesicles are produced by species across all domains of life, suggesting that
vesiculation represents a fundamental principle of living matter. In Gram-negative bacteria …

The assembly of microorganisms over a surface and their ability to develop resistance
against available antibiotics are major concerns of interest. To survive against harsh …

Biofilms, present as microorganisms and surviving on surfaces, can increase food cross-
contamination, leading to changes in the food industry's cleaning and disinfection dynamics …

Most bacteria release membrane vesicles (MVs) that contain specific cargo molecules and
have diverse functions, including the transport of virulence factors, DNA transfer, interception …

Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that
contain components from their mother cells. Bacterial EVs are similar in size to mammalian …

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of
extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set …

The negative consequences of biofilms are widely reported. A defining feature of biofilms is
the extracellular matrix, a complex mixture of biomacromolecules, termed EPS, which …

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) of Gram-negative bacteria are spherical membrane-
enclosed entities of endocytic origin. Reported in the consortia of different bacterial species …

Studies on biofilm related infections are gaining prominence owing to their involvement in
majority of clinical infections. Biofilm, considered as a generic mechanism for survival used …

Many bacteria produce extracellular and surface-associated components such as
membrane vesicles (MVs), extracellular DNA and moonlighting cytosolic proteins for which …