Objectives To evaluate the association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and
preterm birth in women with normal thyroid function. To assess the effect of treatment with …

Understanding of changes in thyroid function and the consequences of thyroid disease
during pregnancy has rapidly grown in the past two decades, and revised American Thyroid …

Background: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the
guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association …

Pregnancy has a profound impact on the thyroid gland and thyroid function. The gland
increases 10% in size during pregnancy in iodine-replete countries and by 20%–40% in …

Importance Presence of thyroid autoantibodies in women with normal thyroid function is
associated with increased risk of miscarriage. Whether levothyroxine treatment improves …

Thyroid hormones are crucial for the growth and maturation of many target tissues,
especially the brain and skeleton. During critical periods in the first trimester of pregnancy …

Severe thyroid dysfunction may lead to menstrual disorders and infertility via direct and
indirect interactions with the hypothalamo–pituitary–ovarian axis and the reproductive …

Background: Increasing data suggest that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and thyroid
autoimmunity (TAI) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but there are limited …

Thyroid hormone deficiency can have important repercussions. Treatment with thyroid
hormone in replacement doses is essential in patients with hypothyroidism. In this review …

The regulation of the female reproductive system is one of the most relevant actions of
thyroid hormones. Adequate thyroid hormones production is essential for normal menstrual …