Background Freezing reduces the temperature of the food system and extends the shelf life
of food. However, the inevitable formation of ice crystals could impact food quality. Small …

Aerosols of biological origin play a vital role in the Earth system, particularly in the
interactions between atmosphere, biosphere, climate, and public health. Airborne bacteria …

The nucleation of crystals in liquids is one of nature's most ubiquitous phenomena, playing
an important role in areas such as climate change and the production of drugs. As the early …

Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and
microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing …

Predicting the formation of ice in the atmosphere presents one of the great challenges in
physical sciences with important implications for the chemistry and composition of the …

Ice formation on aerosol particles is a process of crucial importance to Earth's climate and
the environmental sciences, but it is not understood at the molecular level. This is partly …

Biological particles in the Earth's atmosphere are a distinctive category of ice nucleating
particles (INPs) due to their capability of facilitating ice crystal formation in clouds at …

It is now established that crystalline cellulose is held together not just by hydrogen bonding,
but also by dispersion forces and by electrostatic attraction modulated by stereoelectronic …

Theory and evidence indicate that trees and other vegetation influence the atmospheric
water-cycle in various ways. These influences are more important, more complex, and more …

What makes a material a good ice nucleating agent? Despite the importance of
heterogeneous ice nucleation to a variety of fields, from cloud science to microbiology, major …