The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia,
astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to …

Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …

In addition to photoreceptors and neurons, glial cells (in particular Müller cells) contribute to
the removal and metabolization of neurotransmitters in the neural retina. This review …

Müller glial cells ensheath all retinal neurons in vertebrate retinae. There are a multitude of
functional interactions between neurons and Müller cells, including delivery of the light …

Neuropathic pain, a disease of the somatosensory nervous system, afflicts many individuals
and adequate management with current pharmacotherapies remains elusive. The …

D‐amino acids are being recognized as functionally important molecules in mammals. We
recently identified endogenous D‐cysteine in mammalian brain. D‐cysteine is present in …

Usher syndrome is the most prevalent cause of hereditary deaf-blindness, characterized by
congenital sensorineural hearing impairment and progressive photoreceptor degeneration …

Müller glia of the retina share many features with astroglia located throughout the brain
including maintenance of homeostasis, modulation of neurotransmitter spillover, and robust …

Abstract d‐Serine, the endogenous ligand for the glycine modulatory binding site of the
NMDA receptor, and serine racemase, the enzyme that converts l‐serine to d‐serine, have …

d-serine is present in the vertebrate retina and serves as a coagonist for the N-methyl-d-
aspartate (NMDA) receptors of ganglion cells. Although the enzyme d-amino acid oxidase …