Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), coming from a wide range of sources, have multi-
directional differentiation ability. MSCs play vital roles in immunomodulation, hematopoiesis …

In the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells are constantly evolving to reduce
neoantigen generation and the mutational burden to escape the anti-tumor response. This …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are starting to transform the treatment for patients with
advanced cancer. The extensive application of these antibodies for various cancer obtains …

Leprosy, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae or
Mycobacterium lepromatosis, has affected humans for more than 4,000 years and is a …

Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy patients
have been found to have defects in T cells activation, which is critical to the clearance of the …

Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is still actively transmitted in endemic
areas reflected by the fairly stable number of new cases detected each year. Recognizing …

Aim Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that destroys both soft and hard periodontal
tissues. However, a complex periodontal cytokine network remains unclear. This systematic …

B cells have essential functions in multiple sclerosis and in its mouse model, experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis, both as drivers and suppressors of the disease. The …

Increasing evidence in recent years has suggested that regulatory B cells (Bregs) are one of
the crucial modulators in various inflammatory disease conditions. However, no study to …

Transitional B cells (TrB cells) represent a crucial link between immature B cells in the bone
marrow and mature peripheral B cells. Although TrB cells represent one of the regulatory B …