The production of unisexual flowers has evolved numerous times in dioecious and
monoecious plant taxa. Based on repeated evolutionary origins, a great variety of …

Flower development is the core of higher-plant ontogenesis and is controlled by complex
gene regulatory networks. Cys2/His2 zinc-finger proteins (C2H2-ZFPs) constitute one of the …

How do separate sexes originate and evolve? Plants provide many opportunities to address
this question as they have diverse mating systems and separate sexes (dioecy) that evolved …

Background The pistil is an essential part of flowers that functions in the differentiation of the
sexes and reproduction in plants. The stigma on the pistil can accept pollen to allow …

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a trioecious plant species that has male, female and
hermaphrodite flowers on different plants. The primitive sex chromosomes genetically …

Abstract Background Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer) and Palmer
amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) are two dioecious and important weed species in …

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits are derived from fertilized ovaries formed during
flower development. Thus, fruit morphology is tightly linked to carpel number and identity …

Legumes have unique features, such as compound inflorescences and a complex floral
ontogeny. Thus, the study of regulatory genes in these species during inflorescence and …

Compared to animals, plants have been largely neglected in evolutionary developmental
biology. Mainstream research has focused on developmental genetics, while a rich body of …

Arabidopsis thaliana SUPERMAN (SUP) plays an important role during flower development
by maintaining the boundary between stamens and carpels in the inner two whorls. It was …