Proteus mirabilis is well known in clinical laboratories and microbiology survey courses as
the species that swarms across agar surfaces, overtaking any other species present in the …

Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

Microbial degradation to remove residual antibiotics in wastewater is of growing interest.
However, biological treatment of antibiotics may cause resistance dissemination by …

Many bacteria swim in liquid or swarm over solid surfaces by synthesizing rotary flagella.
The same bacteria that are motile also commonly form nonmotile multicellular aggregates …

Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that live attached to surfaces. Biofilm formation
has received much attention in the last decade, as it has become clear that virtually all types …

Small RNA regulators (sRNAs) have been identified in a wide range of bacteria and found to
play critical regulatory roles in many processes. The major families of sRNAs include true …

Most bacterial pathogens have the remarkable ability to flourish in the external environment
and in specialized host niches. This ability requires their metabolism, physiology, and …

To succeed, many cells must alternate between life-styles that permit rapid growth in the
presence of abundant nutrients and ones that enhance survival in the absence of those …

During stress, bacteria undergo extensive physiological transformations, many of which are
coordinated by ppGpp. Although ppGpp is best known for enhancing cellular resilience by …

Escherichia coli is a predominant species among facultative anaerobic bacteria of the
gastrointestinal tract. Both its frequent community lifestyle and the availability of a wide array …