Roads, railways and rail transit lines play major roles in transporting passengers and freight.
In the design process for such transportation infrastructures, the alignment determination …

The design and planning of railway alignments is the dominant task in railway construction.
However, it is difficult to achieve self‐learning and learning from human experience with …

With increasing transportation requirements in mountainous regions, railways are
encroaching ever more on environmentally-sensitive areas in those regions. Selecting an …

Railway design is complex and closely linked to environmental concerns. To solve this
problem, a two-stage method considering three categories of environmental factors …

Periodic recreation of existing railway horizontal alignment geometry is needed for
smoothing the deviations arising from train operations. It is important for calibrating track and …

Mountain railway alignment design is an important but complex civil engineering problem.
To overcome the drastically undulating terrain, long tunnels and high bridges are major …

Determinations of alignments and station locations are major tasks in railway design, which
jointly and fundamentally influence the construction and operation of the whole project …

Optimizing railway alignments is a quite complex and time-consuming engineering problem.
The huge continuous search space, complex constraints, implicit objective function and …

Railway alignment optimization is considered one of the most complicated and time‐
consuming problems in railway planning and design. It requires searching among the …

Railways are greatly threatened by geological hazards whose disastrous effects include
severe economic losses as well as serious casualties. It is vital to properly account for such …