Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian
species and a substantial proportion of the world's human population. The parasite has an …

Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite that is able to
infect any nucleated cell in any warm-blooded animal. Toxoplasma gondii infects around 2 …

The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein
1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute …

The development of chronic infections and cancer is facilitated by a variety of immune
subversion mechanisms, such as the production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, induction of …

PD-1 as an immune checkpoint molecule down-regulates T cell activity during immune
responses in order to prevent autoimmune tissue damage. In chronic infections or tumors …

Phenotypic and transcriptional profiling of regulatory T (Treg) cells at homeostasis reveals
that T cell receptor activation promotes Treg cells with an effector phenotype (eTreg) …

Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many
acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior …

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitic disease infecting about one third of humans, with
possible severe outcomes in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Despite …

Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to
infections. Recent translation of knowledge about inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and …

T‐cell exhaustion has been extensively researched, compared with B‐cell exhaustion and
NK‐cell exhaustion, which have received considerably less attention; and there is less of a …