Immune responses to pathogens are complex and not well understood in many diseases,
and this is especially true for infections by persistent pathogens. One mechanism that allows …

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the strongest risk factor for
developing tuberculosis and has fuelled its resurgence, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In …

The granuloma that forms in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis must be carefully
balanced in terms of immune responses to provide sufficient immune cell activation to inhibit …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a threat to the health of people worldwide. Infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in active TB or, more commonly, latent infection …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death globally. Dissemination of TB to the
brain results in the most severe form of extrapulmonary TB, tuberculous meningitis (TBM) …

The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) has emerged as an important early
complication of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings, especially in …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have become
intertwined over the past few decades in a “syndemic” that exacerbates the morbidity and …

Host-and pathogen-specific factors interplay with the environment in a complex fashion to
determine the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), resulting in one …

Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may present as a clinical
worsening or new presentation of cryptococcal disease after initiation of antiretroviral …

Background Tuberculosis screening is recommended for people with human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to facilitate early diagnosis and safe initiation of …