Green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its homologs from
diverse marine animals are widely used as universal genetically encoded fluorescent labels …

Research on biomaterial nerve scaffolds has been carried out for 50 years. Only three
materials (collagen, polycaprolactone and polyglycollic acid) have progressed to clinical …

Fear is a graded central motive state ranging from mild to intense. As threat intensity
increases, fear transitions from discriminative to generalized. The circuit mechanisms that …

Correlating patterned neuronal activity to defined animal behaviors is a core goal in
neuroscience. Optogenetics is one large step toward achieving this goal, yet optical …

We present a small, lightweight two-photon fiberscope and demonstrate its suitability for
functional imaging in the intact brain. Our device consists of a hollow-core photonic crystal …

Midbrain dopamine neurons fire irregularly, with interspersed clusters of high-frequency
spikes, commonly called 'bursts'. In this review we examine such heterogeneity in activity …

Confocal endomicroscopes aim at providing to the clinician microscopic imaging of a living
tissue. The currently available microendoscopic devices use the principle of confocal …

Protein kinases are crucial components of intracellular signaling pathways which transmit
signals by phosphorylation of downstream targets, altering their function. Efficient signal …

Microscopic imaging can enhance the drug discovery process by helping to describe how
disease processes unfold and how potential therapies might intervene. Recently introduced …

Fundamental questions that neuroscientists have previously approached with classical
biochemical and electrophysiological techniques can now be addressed using …