Upconversion photoluminescence is a nonlinear effect where multiple lower energy
excitation photons produce higher energy emission photons. This fundamentally interesting …

The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has
changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex …

Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system, so their
function must be critical for the brain. Spines are biochemical compartments but might also …

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy has emerged as a powerful modality for
imaging fibrillar collagen in a diverse range of tissues. Because of its underlying physical …

Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is an important optical imaging technique in
a variety of applications. This article describes the history and physical principles of SHG …

The quest for ultrahigh detection sensitivity with spectroscopic contrasts other than
fluorescence has led to various novel approaches to optical microscopy of biological …

Electrophysiology, the'gold standard'for investigating neuronal signalling, is being
challenged by a new generation of optical probes. Together with new forms of microscopy …

In the last decades, imaging membrane potential has become a fruitful approach to study
neural circuits, especially in invertebrate preparations with large, resilient neurons. At the …

Imaging voltage using fluorescent-based sensors could be an ideal technique to probe
neural circuits with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, due to insufficient signal-to …

Most synaptic inputs are made onto the dendritic tree. Recent work has shown that dendrites
play an active role in transforming synaptic input into neuronal output and in defining the …