THE MAMMALIAN IMMUNE SYSTEM can be broadly divided into two main arms: innate and
adaptive immunity. As its name implies, the cells and receptors of the innate immune system …

The ability of naive T cells to clonally expand and acquire effector functions depends on the
strength of signals received by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by an array of co-stimulatory …

The importance of the B7/CD28/CTLA-4 molecules has been established in studies of
antigen-presenting cell-derived B7 and its interaction with the T cell costimulatory molecule …

The heat produced by optically excited gold nanorods is used to augment the
chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin in killing tumor cells. This combined therapy kills 78 …

The GTP hydrolases of the Rho/Rac family participate in the generation of coordinated
cellular responses to extracellular stimuli (52, 153). Their actions are essential to promote …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are related members of a family of T lymphocyte cell surface receptors
that function to regulate T cell activation. We have found that the cytoplasmic domains of …

▪ Abstract The Tec family tyrosine kinases are now recognized as important mediators of
antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes. Three members of this family, Itk, Rlk, and Tec …

Substantial progress in understanding T cell signalling, particularly with respect to T cell co-
receptors such as the co-stimulatory receptor CD28, has been made in recent years. This …

Antigen-specific T cell responses have primarily been considered in terms of activation
signals delivered through the TCR and the co-stimulatory molecule CD28. In the past few …

According to the two-signal model of T cell activation, costimulatory molecules augment T
cell receptor (TCR) signaling, whereas adhesion molecules enhance TCR–MHC-peptide …