Infertility is a global health problem affecting one in six couples, with 50% of cases attributed
to male infertility. Spermatozoa are male gametes, specialized cells that can be divided into …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) represent widely expressed and evolutionarily
conserved proteins crucial for governing signaling pathways and playing essential roles in …

Sperm heads contain not only the nucleus but also the acrosome which is a distinctive cap-
like structure located anterior to the nucleus and is derived from the Golgi apparatus. The …

The structure of the sperm flagellar axoneme is highly conserved across species and serves
the essential function of generating motility to facilitate the meeting of spermatozoa with the …

Hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the first irreversible rate-limiting step in glycolysis that converts
glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. HK1 is ubiquitously expressed in the brain, erythrocytes …

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are membraneless electron-dense structures rich in
RNAs and proteins, and involved in various cellular processes. Two RNP granules in male …

One in five couples who wish to conceive is infertile, and half of these couples have male
infertility. However, the causes of male infertility are still largely unknown. Creatine is stored …

Hyperpolarization of the membrane potential (Em), a phenomenon regulated by SLO3
channels, stands as a central feature in sperm capacitation—a crucial process conferring …

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal element that might adversely affect sperm
function such as the acrosome reaction (AR). Although it is widely recognized that zinc (Zn) …

Introduction: Sperm cryopreservation is a useful storage technique in artificial insemination.
Nanoparticles and nanovesicles such as exosomes are widely used in sperm …