Vibrational spectroscopy is an essential tool in chemical analyses, biological assays, and
studies of functional materials. Over the past decade, various coherent nonlinear vibrational …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

The development of new orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs has led to the
addition of approximately 70 unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to the genetic codes of …

The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design,
have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although …

The ability to genetically encode unnatural amino acids beyond the common 20 has allowed
unprecedented control over the chemical structures of recombinantly expressed proteins …

The goal of xenobiology is to design biological systems endowed with unusual biochemical
functions, whereas enzymology concerns the study of enzymes, the workhorses of …

The first step toward understanding most of the chemical and biological processes in
condensed phases is to accurately describe solute− solvent interaction energy and to …

Vibrational spectroscopy provides a direct route to the physicochemical characterization of
molecules. While both IR and Raman spectroscopy have been used for decades to provide …

The ability to site-specifically incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with novel
structures into proteins in living cells affords a powerful tool to investigate and manipulate …