Daily dietary potassium (K+) intake may be as large as the extracellular K+ pool. To avoid
acute hyperkalemia, rapid removal of K+ from the extracellular space is essential. This is …

The kidney filters vast quantities of Na at the glomerulus but excretes a very small fraction of
this Na in the final urine. Although almost every nephron segment participates in the …

Electroneutral cation-Cl− cotransporters compose a family of solute carriers in which cation
(Na+ or K+) movement through the plasma membrane is always accompanied by Cl− in a 1 …

Transmembrane potassium (K) gradients are key determinants of membrane potential that
can modulate action potentials, control muscle contractility, and influence ion channel and …

This article discusses the pathophysiology of sodium and water retention in edematous
disorders with a particular focus on cardiac failure, cirrhosis, and pregnancy. The body fluid …

WNK1 and WNK4 mutations have been reported to cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II
(PHAII), an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by hyperkalemia and hypertension …

Integration of Acid–Base and Electrolyte Disorders | New England Journal of Medicine Skip to
main content The New England Journal of Medicine homepage Advanced Search SEARCH …

The renal Na+: Cl–cotransporter rNCC is mutated in human disease, is the therapeutic
target of thiazide-type diuretics, and is clearly involved in arterial blood pressure regulation …

The distal tubule of the mammalian kidney can be defined as the nephron segment between
the macula densa region and the cortical collecting tubule. It comprises several …

Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and in the
connecting tubule can maintain the homeostasis of the body, especially when dietary …