Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration
ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the
main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates …

The cerebellum consists of parallel circuit modules that contribute to diverse behaviors,
spanning motor to cognitive. Recent work employing cell-type-specific tracing has identified …

The internal structure of the cerebellum reflects an intriguing paradox; its cytoarchitecture is
relatively simple and repeated throughout, yet the connections between its neurons are …

The cerebral cortex and cerebellum both play important roles in sensorimotor processing,
however, precise connections between these major brain structures remain elusive. Using …

Motor commands computed by the cerebellum are hypothesized to use corollary discharge,
or copies of outgoing commands, to accelerate motor corrections. Identifying sources of …

The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in
the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly …

Cerebellar circuits are patterned into an array of topographic parasagittal domains called
zones. The proper connectivity of zones is critical for motor coordination and motor learning …

The traditional subdivision of the brain stem into midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata is
based purely on the external appearance of the human brain stem. There is an urgent need …

Cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) refers to a cerebellum of reduced volume with preserved shape.
CH is associated with a broad heterogeneity in neuroradiologic features, etiologies, clinical …