Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

Adaptation is an essential feature of auditory neurons, which reduces their responses to
unchanging and recurring sounds and allows their response properties to be matched to the …

To explore how neural circuits represent novel versus familiar inputs, we presented mice
with repeated sets of images with novel images sparsely substituted. Using two-photon …

Reliably detecting unexpected sounds is important for environmental awareness and
survival. By selectively reducing responses to frequently, but not rarely, occurring sounds …

The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a differential brain response to violations of learned
regularities. It has been used to demonstrate that the brain learns the statistical structure of …

Adaptation is fundamental to life. All organisms adapt over timescales that span from
evolution to generations and lifetimes to moment-by-moment interactions. The nervous …

Stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) is the reduction in the response to a common stimulus
that does not generalize, or only partially generalizes, to other, rare stimuli. SSA has been …

In this account, we attempt to integrate two parallel, but thus far, separate lines of research
on auditory novelty detection:(1) human studies of EEG recordings of the mismatch …

Neurons in auditory cortex are sensitive to the probability of stimuli: responses to rare stimuli
tend to be stronger than responses to common ones. Here, intra-and extracellular …

Stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) is the reduction in responses to frequent stimuli
(standards) that does not generalize to rare stimuli (deviants). We investigated the …