As a zoonotic disease that has already spread globally to several million human beings and
possibly to domestic and wild animals, eradication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) …

The epidemic history of Zika virus began in 2007, with its emergence in Yap Island in the
western Pacific, followed in 2013–14 by a larger epidemic in French Polynesia, south …

Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible
number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident …

Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for
their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have …

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex
mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the …

Many viruses infect humans and most are controlled satisfactorily by the immune system
with limited damage to host tissues. Some viruses, however, do cause overt damage to the …

SUMMARY West Nile Virus was introduced into the Western Hemisphere during the late
summer of 1999 and has been causing significant and sometimes severe human diseases …

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that is transmitted to humans
through the bite of an infected mosquito. WNV has disseminated broadly in the Western …

Since their discovery by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, dendritic cells (DCs) have become
increasingly recognized for their crucial role as regulators of innate and adaptive immunity …

In human myocarditis and its sequela dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), the mechanisms and
immune phenotype governing disease and subsequent heart failure are not known. Here …