The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …

Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

Viral infection outcomes are sex biased, with males generally more susceptible than
females. Paradoxically, the numbers of antiviral natural killer (NK) cells are increased in …

There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and
research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens …

Both sex (ie, biological differences) and gender (ie, social or cultural influences) impact
vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children …

Females typically develop higher antibody responses and experience more adverse
reactions following vaccination than males. These differences are observed in response to …

Sex differences in cellular and systems biology have been evolutionarily selected to
optimize reproductive success in all species with little (sperm) and big (ova) gamete …

Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a significant sex dimorphism, with women
showing increased susceptibility to disease. This is, at least in part, due to sex-dependent …