The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …

Background The human gut hosts complex microbial communities, which are linked to
health and disease. The gut microbiota is continuously reshaped by multiple environmental …

Bacterial membrane vesicles are proteoliposomal nanoparticles produced by both Gram-
negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As they originate from the outer surface of the bacteria …

During recent years it has become increasingly clear that the release of extracellular
vesicles (EVs) is a feature inherent to all cellular life forms. These lipid bilayer-enclosed …

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and remitting inflammatory disease. Probiotics have a
potential beneficial effect on the prevention of UC onset and relapse in clinical trials …

Microorganisms grow in concert, both in natural communities and in artificial or synthetic co-
cultures. Positive interactions between associated microbes are paramount to achieve …

Dietary supplements and foods for special medical purposes are special medical products
classified according to the legal basis. They are regulated, for example, by the European …

Background Lactobacillus reuteri strains are widely used as probiotics to prevent and treat
inflammatory bowel disease by modulating the host's immune system. However, the …

Numerous studies point to the important role of probiotic bacteria in gastrointestinal health.
Probiotics act through mechanisms affecting enteric pathogens, epithelial barrier function …

The vaginal microbiota, dominated by Lactobacillus spp., plays a key role in preventing HIV-
1 transmission. Here, we investigate whether the anti-HIV effect of lactobacilli is mediated by …