Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an umbrella term for arthritis of unknown origin, lasting
for> 6 weeks with onset before 16 years of age. JIA is the most common chronic …

Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

Background Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. This trial assessed the efficacy and
safety of tofacitinib versus placebo in patients with polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic …

Objective To develop treatment recommendations for children with juvenile idiopathic
arthritis manifesting as non‐systemic polyarthritis, sacroiliitis, or enthesitis. Methods The …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are both important stimulatory receptors for the regulation of T cell
activation. Because receptors share common ligands, B7. 1 and B7. 2, the expression and …

Background Interleukin-1 is pivotal in the pathogenesis of systemic juvenile idiopathic
arthritis (JIA). We assessed the efficacy and safety of canakinumab, a selective, fully human …

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by arthritis
of unknown origin with onset before age of 16 years. Pivotal studies in the past 5 years have …

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a broad term that describes a clinically heterogeneous group
of arthritides of unknown cause, which begin before 16 years of age. This term …

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is defined by the International League of Associations for
Rheumatology (ILAR) as arthritis of unknown etiology that begins before the sixteenth …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor belonging to
the CD28 immunoglobulin subfamily, expressed primarily by T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and …